Paralichthyidae

Large-tooth flounders are a family, Paralichthyidae, of flounders.^[1] They lie on the sea bed on their right side; both eyes are on the left side of the head, while the Pleuronectidae are the opposite with their eyes on the right side.

They are found in temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Several species are important commercial and game fishes, notably the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus and the Pacific sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus.

Species

There are 115 species in 14 genera:^[1][2]

• Genus Ancylopsetta
  • Ancylopsetta antillarum (Gutherz, 1966).
  • Cyclope flounder, Ancylopsetta cycloidea (Tyler, 1959).
  • Three-spot flounder, Ancylopsetta dendritica (Gilbert, 1890).
  • Three-eye flounder, Ancylopsetta dilecta (Goode & Bean, 1883).
  • Foureyed flounder, Ancylopsetta kumperae (Tyler, 1959).
  • Ancylopsetta microctenus (Gutherz, 1966).
  • Gulf of Mexico ocellated flounder, Ancylopsetta ommata (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883).
• Genus Cephalopsetta
  • Cephalopsetta ventrocellatus (Dutt & Rao, 1965).
• Genus Citharichthys
  • Veracruz whiff, Citharichthys abbotti (Dawson, 1969).
  • Citharichthys amblybregmatus (Gutherz & Blackman, 1970).
  • Gulf Stream flounder, Citharichthys arctifrons (Goode, 1880).
  • Sand whiff, Citharichthys arenaceus (Evermann & Marsh, 1900).
  • Horned whiff, Citharichthys cornutus (Günther, 1880).
  • Spined whiff, Citharichthys dinoceros (Goode & Bean, 1886).
  • Gulf sanddab, Citharichthys fragilis (Gilbert, 1890).
  • Bigmouth sanddab, Citharichthys gilberti (Jenkins & Evermann, 1889).
  • Citharichthys gnathus (Hoshino & Amaoka, 1999).
  • Mimic sanddab, Citharichthys gordae (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1938).
  • Anglefin whiff, Citharichthys gymnorhinus (Gutherz & Blackman, 1970).
  • Spotted whiff, Citharichthys macrops (Dresel, 1885).
  • Five-rayed sanddab, Citharichthys mariajorisae (van der Heiden & Mussot-Pérez, 1995).
  • Citharichthys minutus (Cervigón, 1982).
  • Small sanddab, Citharichthys platophrys (Gilbert, 1891).
  • Pacific sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus (Girard, 1854).
  • Bay whiff, Citharichthys spilopterus (Günther, 1862).
  • Smooth flounder, Citharichthys stampflii (Steindachner, 1894).
  • Speckled sanddab, Citharichthys stigmaeus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882).
  • Citharichthys surinamensis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801).
  • Voodoo whiff, Citharichthys uhleri (Jordan, 1889).
  • Citharichthys valdezi (Cervigón, 1986).
  • Longfin sanddab, Citharichthys xanthostigma (Gilbert, 1890).
• Genus Cyclopsetta
  • Mexican flounder, Cyclopsetta chittendeni (Bean, 1895).
  • Cyclopsetta decussata (Gunter, 1946).
  • Spotfin flounder, Cyclopsetta fimbriata (Goode & Bean, 1885).
  • God's flounder, Cyclopsetta panamensis (Steindachner, 1876).
  • Toothed flounder, Cyclopsetta querna (Jordan & Bollman, 1890).
• Genus Etropus
  • Fringed flounder, Etropus crossotus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882).
  • Shelf flounder, Etropus cyclosquamus (Leslie & Stewart, 1986).
  • Etropus delsmani delsmani (Chabanaud, 1940).
  • Delsman's flounder, Etropus delsmani pacificus (Nielsen, 1963).
  • Sole flounder, Etropus ectenes (Jordan, 1889).
  • Etropus intermedius (Norman, 1933).
  • Etropus longimanus (Norman, 1933).
  • Smallmouth flounder, Etropus microstomus (Gill, 1864).
  • Peruvian flounder, Etropus peruvianus (Hildebrand, 1946).
  • Gray flounder, Etropus rimosus (Goode & Bean, 1885).

• Genus Gastropsetta
  • Shrimp flounder, Gastropsetta frontalis (Bean, 1895).
• Genus Hippoglossina
  • Spotted flounder, Hippoglossina bollmani (Gilbert, 1890).
  • Bigeye flounder, Hippoglossina macrops (Dresel, 1885).

0** Hippoglossina montemaris (de Buen, 1961).

• • Hippoglossina mystacium (Ginsburg, 1936).
  • American fourspot flounder, Hippoglossina oblonga (Mitchill, 1815).
  • Bigmouth flounder, Hippoglossina stomata (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890).
  • Fourspot flounder, Hippoglossina tetrophthalma (Gilbert, 1890).
• Genus Paralichthys
  • Fine flounder, Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867).
  • Cortez flounder, Paralichthys aestuarius (Gilbert & Scofield, 1898).
  • Gulf flounder, Paralichthys albigutta (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882).
  • Brazilian flounder, Paralichthys brasiliensis (Ranzani, 1842).
  • California halibut, Paralichthys californicus (Ayres, 1859).
  • Paralichthys coeruleosticta (Steindachner, 1898).
  • Paralichthys delfini (Pequeño & Plaza, 1987).
  • Summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus, 1766).
  • Paralichthys fernandezianus (Steindachner, 1903).
  • Paralichthys hilgendorfii (Steindachner, 1903).
  • Paralichthys isosceles (Jordan, 1891).
  • Southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma (Jordan & Gilbert, 1884).
  • Paralichthys microps (Günther, 1881).
  • Four-Spotted flounder, Paralichthys oblongus (Mitchill, 1815 and Jordan & Evermann, 1896).
  • Bastard halibut, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846).
  • Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1842).
  • Patagonian flounder, Paralichthys patagonicus (Jordan, 1889).
  • Paralichthys schmitti (Ginsburg, 1933).
  • Broad flounder, Paralichthys squamilentus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882).
  • Paralichthys triocellatus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903).
  • Tropical flounder, Paralichthys tropicus (Ginsburg, 1933).
  • Speckled flounder, Paralichthys woolmani (Jordan & Williams, 1897).
• Genus Pseudorhombus
  • Ringed flounder, Pseudorhombus annulatus (Norman, 1927).
  • Peacock flounder, Pseudorhombus argus (Weber, 1913).
  • Largetooth flounder, Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822).
  • Pseudorhombus binii (Tortonese, 1955).
  • Cinnamon flounder, Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846).
  • Pseudorhombus ctenosquamis (Oshima, 1927).
  • Four twin-spot flounder, Pseudorhombus diplospilus (Norman, 1926).
  • Ocellated flounder, Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus (Regan, 1905).
  • Deep flounder, Pseudorhombus elevatus (Ogilby, 1912).
  • Javan flounder, Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker, 1853).
  • Small-toothed flounder, Pseudorhombus jenynsii (Bleeker, 1855).
  • Pseudorhombus levisquamis (Oshima, 1927).
  • Malayan flounder, Pseudorhombus malayanus (Bleeker, 1865).
  • Pseudorhombus megalops (Fowler, 1934).
  • Pseudorhombus micrognathus (Norman, 1927).
  • Natal flounders, Pseudorhombus natalensis (Gilchrist, 1904).
  • Pseudorhombus neglectus (Bleeker, 1865).
  • Pseudorhombus oculocirris (Amaoka, 1969).
  • Roughscale flounder, Pseudorhombus oligodon (Bleeker, 1854).
  • Fivespot flounder, Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus (Günther, 1862).
  • Pseudorhombus polyspilos (Bleeker, 1853).
  • Five-eyed flounder, Pseudorhombus quinquocellatus (Weber & de Beaufort, 1929).
  • Pseudorhombus russellii (Gray, 1834).
  • Spiny flounder, Pseudorhombus spinosus (McCulloch, 1914).
  • Pseudorhombus tenuirastrum (Waite, 1899).
  • Three spotted flounder, Pseudorhombus triocellatus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903).
• Genus Syacium
  • Syacium guineensis (Bleeker, 1862).
  • Shoal flounder, Syacium gunteri (Ginsburg, 1933).
  • Beach flounder, Syacium latifrons (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882).
  • Longfin flounder, Syacium longidorsale (Murakami & Amaoka, 1992).
  • Clearspot flounder, Syacium maculiferum (Garman, 1899).
  • Channel flounder, Syacium micrurum (Ranzani, 1842).
  • Oval flounder, Syacium ovale (Günther, 1864).
  • Dusky flounder, Syacium papillosum (Linnaeus, 1758).
• Genus Tarphops
  • Tarphops elegans (Amaoka, 1969).
  • Tarphops oligolepis (Bleeker, 1858–1859).
• Genus Tephrinectes
  • Chinese brill, Tephrinectes sinensis (Lacépède, 1802).
• Genus Thysanopsetta
  • Thysanopsetta naresi (Günther, 1880).
• Genus Xystreurys
  • Fantail flounder, Xystreurys liolepis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880).
  • Xystreurys rasile (Jordan, 1891).

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Paralichthyidae" in FishBase. February 2006 version.
2. ^ "Paralichthyidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=172714. Retrieved 2 April 2006.